The removal efficiency of these WPs was determined for each treatment unit (as it passed). Along with MC-LR, other WPs were also evaluated including metal ions (Fe 2+ and Cu 2+), total coliform, turbidity, ammonia-N and dissolved organic carbon. The MC-LR removal study (initial concentration: 50 μg/L) was performed for two varieties of MC-LR source: a) commercial MC-LR, and b) algal-biomass released MC-LR. Two filter modules (FMs) were studied: a) FM1: graphitized-sand media + sand media = ½ GS1 + ½ sand and b) FM2: ½ sand + ½ sand. The treatment system comprised: raw water tank, pre-oxidation tank (oxidant: potassium permanganate), followed by a coagulation/flocculation tank (alum supplemented), sedimentation tank, filtration module and finally disinfection tank (dosed with hypochlorite solution). Scale-up feasibility of the graphitized sand filter (GS1) for Microcystin-LR (MC-LR) removal and its impact on other water pollutants (WPs) was assessed through a mass-balance study, using a laboratory-based drinking water treatment plant (DWTP) micromodel named: SAP-1©.
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